Low Density Extremes for Ground Elevations up to 15,000 ft

Abstract

Atmospheric density, especially low values thereof, is important to aircraft takeoff and landing operations; therefore, probable extremes of low density are needed for aircraft design. This document provides for the most extreme area and month, values of low density that are equalled or surpassed during 1, 5, 10 and 20% of the time (hours) for ground elevations up to 15,000 ft. Typical temperatures accompanying these values, needed for engine power calculations, are also given. In addition, empirical equations for estimating extremes of low density near the ground are evaluated.