Urban Modification of Freezing-Rain Events

Abstract

A new national database for freezing-rain occurrences during the 1945?2000 period provided an opportunity for a study of the potential urban effects on freezing-rain events. Numerous past studies of snowfall events in urban areas have defined decreases of 10%?35% related to the urban heat island. The heat island, which acts to elevate near-surface temperatures, could also keep some freezing-rain situations from occurring in the city. The study involved four cities in the Midwest and Northeast for which the average annual number of days with freezing rain are three or more, for which data from in-city stations existed, and for which data for several surrounding rural stations existed. The two largest qualifying cities, New York City, New York, and Chicago, Illinois, had sizable reductions in average and maximum annual freezing-rain-day frequencies, ranging from 16% to 43% less than values of surrounding rural stations, and their freezing-rain ?seasons? were 1?2 months shorter than those in surrounding rural areas. The ocean/lake influences at both cities, along with the heat island, also helped to reduce the local incidence of freezing-rain events. Two qualifying smaller urban areas, Washington, District of Columbia, and St. Louis, Missouri, had reductions in freezing-rain-day occurrences but had no shifts in the length of their freezing-rain seasons. Results suggest that freezing-rain occurrences in large cities are decreased between 10% and 30% by the heat island, which acts to keep rain from freezing to urban surfaces.