Journal of Applied Meteorology: Recent submissions
Now showing items 4321-4340 of 6019
-
Seasonal Variations in the Heat and Water Balances for Nonvegetated Surfaces
(American Meteorological Society, 1997)A model is presented for estimating the seasonal variations of evaporation, soil-water content, and soil temperature over nonvegetated land surfaces, especially in arid and semiarid regions. In the model, several types of ... -
Freezing Rain: An Observational and Theoretical Study
(American Meteorological Society, 1997)Data from a Doppler radar, an instrumented aircraft, and several rawinsonde observations during freezing rain and ice pellet events have been analyzed for this study. From these data, 34 soundings were obtained that ... -
A Proper Method for Estimating Sensible Heat Flux above a Horizontal-Homogeneous Vegetation Canopy Using Radiometric Surface Observations
(American Meteorological Society, 1997)A multilayer energy budget model for a horizontal-homogeneous vegetation canopy and a simple radiometric canopy model are developed to estimate sensible heat flux with use of the observed directional radiometric temperature ... -
Climatic Impacts of “Friagens” in Forested and Deforested Areas of the Amazon Basin
(American Meteorological Society, 1997)Meteorological observations from the Anglo?Brazilian Amazonian Climate Observation Study (ABRACOS), together with the global reanalysis from the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and satellite images, ... -
Simulations of the Climatological Wind Field in the Baltic Sea Area Using a Mesoscale Higher-Order Closure Model
(American Meteorological Society, 1997)A three-dimensional mesoscale numerical model is utilized to investigate the climatological wind field over the Baltic Sea. To cover all synoptic and boundary layer conditions, a large number of model runs have to be made. ... -
Rapid Temporal Changes of Midtropospheric Winds
(American Meteorological Society, 1997)The statistical distribution of the magnitude of the vector wind change over 0.25-, 1-, 2-, and 4-h periods based on data from October 1995 through March 1996 over central Florida is presented. The wind changes at altitudes ... -
Climatology of Diffusion Potential Classes for Minneapolis–St. Paul
(American Meteorological Society, 1997)This climatological study reports on the potential for atmospheric diffusion at Minneapolis?St. Paul, Minnesota, cities located in the heart of the North American continent. As such, the results can be considered typical ... -
An Observational and Numerical Study of the Nocturnal Sea Breeze. Part II: Chemical Transport
(American Meteorological Society, 1997)Chemical transport at the Savannah River Site (SRS) in South Carolina during nocturnal sea-breeze passage is examined using simulations from a three-dimensional mesoscale dynamic model [(RAMS) Regional Atmospheric Modeling ... -
An Observational and Numerical Study of the Nocturnal Sea Breeze. Part I: Structure and Circulation
(American Meteorological Society, 1997)Characteristics of inland-penetrating nocturnal sea breezes at the Savannah River Site (SRS) in South Carolina are discussed. Detailed observations from an area tower network during the Stable Boundary Layer Experiment ... -
Automated Cloud Classification of Global AVHRR Data Using a Fuzzy Logic Approach
(American Meteorological Society, 1997)A fuzzy logic classification (FLC) methodology is proposed to achieve the two goals of this paper: 1) to discriminate between clear sky and clouds in a 32 ? 32 pixel array, or sample, of 1.1-km Advanced Very High Resolution ... -
TRMM Sampling of Radar–AMeDAS Rainfall Using the Threshold Method
(American Meteorological Society, 1997)It is known that spatially averaged rainfall rate ?R? is highly correlated with the fractional area (F) of rain rate exceeding a preset threshold (τ), when the area is large enough to include numerous convective systems ... -
Properties of the Threshold Method on a Radar Rain Cluster Basis
(American Meteorological Society, 1997)The average rain rate ?R? is estimated with radar data at the radar beam height by measuring the fractional area F(τ) of pixels above a preset rain-rate threshold τ. This work applies the ?threshold method? to smaller ... -
Modeling Raindrop Size Distribution and Z(R) Relations in the Western Mediterranean Area
(American Meteorological Society, 1997)This study shows the results of the modeling of drop size distributions (DSD) observed during a 2-yr study in Barcelona. Thirty-second individual sample collections of drop sizes and velocities were measured with an optical ... -
A Simulation Approach for Validation of a Brightband Correction Method
(American Meteorological Society, 1997)Brightband effects are one of the more important causes of vertical variability of reflectivity and severely affect the accuracy of rainfall estimates from ground-based radar. Monte Carlo simulation experiments are performed ... -
A Laboratory Study of the Urban Heat Island in a Calm and Stably Stratified Environment. Part II: Velocity Field
(American Meteorological Society, 1997)A fully turbulent, low-aspect-ratio buoyant plume with no initial momentum under calm and stably stratified conditions is produced in a convection tank. The plume is generated by a circular heat island at the bottom of the ... -
Calculations Pertaining to Hygroscopic Seeding with Flares
(American Meteorological Society, 1997)Some possible effects of hygroscopic seeding with flares are explored by calculating how such seeding would modify the initial size distribution of cloud droplets and the subsequent evolution of that size distribution by ... -
Estimators for the Standard Deviation of Horizontal Wind Direction
(American Meteorological Society, 1997)The standard deviation of horizontal wind direction is a central quantity in the description of atmospheric turbulence and of great practical use in dispersion models. As horizontal wind direction is a circular variable, ... -
Seasonal Cycles of Surface Ozone and NOx in Shanghai
(American Meteorological Society, 1997)A series of simultaneous observations of the surface ozone and NOx have been employed in Shanghai since 1990. Based on a 5-yr data series, seasonal cycles of O3 and NOx have been acquired. Both cycles have a maximum occurring ... -
Improvement of Surface Flux Calculations in the Atmospheric Surface Layer
(American Meteorological Society, 1997)Simple and efficient formulas for calculating surface fluxes are presented for the nondimensional profile functional forms of wind and temperature in the atmospheric surface layer. Four formulations representing nondimensional ... -
Results of the South African Cloud-Seeding Experiments Using Hygroscopic Flares
(American Meteorological Society, 1997)A new method of seeding convective clouds for the purpose of augmenting rainfall is being developed in South Africa. Flares that produce small salt particles (0.5-?m mean diameter) are attached to the trailing edge of the ...