Case Study of Water Table Evaporation at Ichkeul Marshes (Tunisia)

Abstract

The method of Gardner was used to estimate the evaporation rate from bare soils under high water table conditions, at Ichkeul marshes, of northern Tunisia. For this purpose, water content, soil-water suction, and water table depth were measured at three sites. Other common approaches that provide estimates of water table evaporation such as the Averianov and Coudrain-Ribstein et al. empirical formulas and the approach used by the U.S. Geological Survey's groundwater flow model MODFLOW were also evaluated. Next, a 2D groundwater simulation model, using the Gardner equations for computing evaporation rate, was developed to quantify the aquifer budget and groundwater losses via evaporation at the total area of the marshes. The model was calibrated in a steady-state condition. The results indicated significant groundwater losses by water table evaporation. The sensitivity of the groundwater model to the Averianov and MODFLOW approaches was analyzed. The best results (piezometric head and the area distribution of the evaporation discharge) were obtained with the Averianov formula.