Abstract: In this paper, simple approximate methods have been given to calculate the true value of an area on a Mercator chart. The introduction touches on the general characteristics of Mercator projection, and the area deformation ...

Abstract: The effects of dimensional changes on the base materials of maps and plans produced for engineering and cadastral purposes are studied from a different perspective. First, physical specifications of the map base materials ...

Abstract: In this paper, a formula is presented for obtaining the bandwidth that would allow the inclusion of the normal equation coefficients differing from zero into the band, which are derived during the adjustment of several ...