Abstract: The general form of a station equation does not produce a constant relationship between the ahead station number and the back station number. For this reason, station equations are considered only in the most sophisticated ...

Abstract: A procedure for computing cut and fill volumes using a modification of the average‐end‐area formula is presented. Three types of calculations designed to address the various combinations of cut and fill areas at the section ...

Abstract: A simple method for directly estimating the lime and carbon dioxide doses needed to produce water that is stable with respect to calcium carbonate has been developed. The procedures employed are readily applicable using ...