Abstract: The effect of a number of impurities on the mechanical strength of ice formed by the accretion of super-cooled water droplets has been investigated experimentally. Significant reduction in the strength can be obtained but ...

Abstract: Theoretical considerations show that isotopic fractionation can occur during the freezing of supercooled droplets accreted by a hailstone. This is due to evaporation from the liquid during the freezing process with consequent ...