Pilot Site Evaluations of Exoskeletons at Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises for Usability and Acceptance Enhancement

Abstract

Abstract. Exoskeletons have emerged as a promising solution to mitigate musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in industries characterized by repetitive or physically demanding tasks. While the technology can benefit small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and smaller industrial sectors, where the level of automation is low and many tasks must be performed manually, their adaptation and integration remain slow. To address this gap, the EU EXSKALLERATE research project focused on accelerating the adoption of upper-body exoskeletons within SMEs and construction companies, aiming to foster awareness, innovation, and collaboration. This article presents the findings from the EXSKALLERATE field study, which tested six passive upper-body industrial exoskeletons across four EU countries, including Sweden, Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands. The study involved onsite demonstrations of different exoskeletons, including the EksoVest, Skelex, and Laevo. Instead of comparing exoskeletons used across different countries and industrial environments, this study concentrates on evaluating how effectively each device supports workers during real-world tasks. Qualitative feedback was obtained from participants across diverse industries, including construction, manufacturing, and logistics, highlighting both the benefits and limitations of each model. Feedback emphasized the ergonomic advantages of these devices in reducing musculoskeletal strain, particularly in repetitive overhead and bending tasks; however, some users reported issues with comfort and mobility. The findings aim to encourage these sectors to consider adopting passive upper-body exoskeletons as part of their efforts to reduce MSD risks, improve worker well-being, and enhance overall productivity. By presenting practical recommendations and insights, this study provides a valuable resource for industries considering the integration of exoskeletons and offers a roadmap for further advancements in their design and deployment. Ultimately, it calls for continued efforts to promote exoskeleton use, ensuring their positive impact on workplace safety, productivity, and worker health in SMEs and beyond.