Mitigating Flood Risks in Urban Estuaries: Tidal Dynamics, Shoreline Hardening, Nature-Based Solutions, and Floodgates in San Francisco Bay

Abstract

Abstract Hydrodynamic models are valuable tools for understanding the primary factors influencing daily and peak water levels and for guiding discussions on potential adaptation strategies for managing flood risk in coastal areas. This analysis uses the ... Practical Applications Sea level rise and stronger storms are putting increasing pressure on coastal communities. In this study, we examined the effect of three different flood mitigation strategies, shoreline hardening, wetland restoration, and ...