Phosphorus Removal by Two Urban Stormwater Sand Filters Enhanced with Alum-Based Drinking Water Treatment Residuals

Abstract

Abstract Stormwater runoff from urban areas threatens water quality and ecosystems around the world. For freshwater ecosystems, phosphorus (P) is often a primary concern, as excess P loading can cause eutrophication, symptoms of which include harmful ... Practical Applications Drinking water treatment produces a byproduct called drinking water treatment residuals (DWTRs) that is on average 1%–3% of the volume of raw water clarified for drinking water consumption. In the United States, an estimated 40% of ... An illustration shows a layered filter media system for phosphorus removal. The top layer features sand mixed with 3 to 5 percent by volume drinking water treatment residuals (DWTRs), which remove Particulate P through mechanical filtration and ...