Determination of Parameters and Validation of a Fractional-Order Hyperbolic Model under Complex Stress Paths in Frozen Calcareous Clays

Abstract

Abstract The Huainan–Huaibei mining area is widely covered with calcareous clay layers, characterized by low freezing points, high frost heave, easy disintegration upon water exposure, and low strength. Its mechanical properties are complex and variable, ... Practical Applications The construction of frozen walls in the Huainan–Huaibei mining area is challenged by the complex mechanical behavior of deep-layer calcareous clay, which exhibits high frost heave potential, low strength, and strong sensitivity to ...