1D–CNN with SMOTE for Acoustic Detection and Classification of Structural Defects in Municipal Sewage Pipelines: Addressing Imbalanced Data Set and High Sewage Level Challenges

Abstract

AbstractThe rapid growth of urbanization has led to an increase in the size of sewage pipelines. However, due to factors such as environmental conditions, misuse, and age, many pipelines are defective to varying degrees and thus impact the ecosystem. ...