Geopolymer Stabilization of Industrial Wastes for Sustainable Pavement Base and Subbase Layers: Strength, Durability, and Environmental Assessment

Abstract

AbstractThis study investigates the geopolymer stabilization of industrial wastes—coalmine overburden (OB), basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS), and granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS)—as a sustainable substitute for pavement base/subbase layers. The effect ...Practical ApplicationsThe practical application of this study lies in the sustainable reuse of industrial waste materials such as OB, BOFS, and GBFS to develop geopolymer-stabilized pavement base and subbase layers. The optimized 40% OB + 40% BOFS + 20% ...