Gap Analysis of Digitalization Levels in Construction and Manufacturing: A Comparative Study of Construction 4.0 and Industry 4.0

Abstract

The digital transformation of the construction industry has been much slower than that of manufacturing. The gaps and causes require in-depth study, and the findings contribute to future directions. Therefore, this study conducts extensive research on the gaps and differences between Construction 4.0 and Industry 4.0. This study utilizes hybrid approaches of brainstorming, bibliometric analysis, literature review, the Delphi method, and the Bayesian network to benchmark digital technologies and application scenarios. The results of this study show that there are only half the number of digital construction academic records than there are of digital manufacturing; the build-phase substantially lags behind other phases in the lifecycle; cyber-physical systems and cybersecurity are less applied in construction; scenarios such as operational efficiency and process optimization, equipment and facility management, supply chain, and cybersecurity show fewer applications in construction; and data openness and worker digital skill are the most contributive and changeable causes of construction digitalization.