Who Does Design Research Serve? A Critical Evaluation of the Diversity of Samples Studied in Design Theory and Methods Research

Abstract

Human subjects are often used in design theory and methods studies to understand how designers behave and link behaviors with design outcomes. We highlight that much of our past work and resultant knowledge in design theory and methodology (DTM) has used data from samples composed mainly of White men. We argue, therefore, that the tools, methods, and practices conceived through research intended for universal use may not be as generalizable as intended. We support this assertion through a quantitative assessment of past DTM literature. We definitively demonstrate a historic lack of diversity in human-subjects research in DTM through a critical review of 109 published works. Our findings suggest that age, gender, and race/ethnic background are underreported. This work is a call to action for researchers to reflect on who are the beneficiaries of design theory and methods research, how participant background might impact the findings, and what strategies can be employed to fulfill our promise of a more equitable design community and impact.