Reducing EMS Response Time to Crash Sites under Adverse Pavement Surface Conditions

Abstract

Emergency medical services (EMS), also known as ambulance or paramedics services, play a critical role in saving lives by providing patients with the earliest urgent medical care and transportation to medical facilities. It is crucial that the EMS response time (EMS-RT), defined as the time required for EMS to reach the site after notification of the crash, be kept at a minimum to the chances of fatalities. This study aims to identify the factors that affect the EMS-RT during adverse weather conditions using descriptive and statistical modeling. Logistic and multiple linear regression techniques were utilized to develop the models. More than 58,000 EMS-RTs from 2016 to 2020 in an urban area were investigated. Results revealed that EMS-RT is significantly higher (p-value<0.05) in snowy pavement surface conditions and identified the factors that may reduce the EMS-RT. Results also showed that the resources are sufficient in the study area to keep the EMS-RT the same on a day with higher crashes compared to typical days. The findings from this research have several practical applications for improving emergency medical services (EMS) response times and public safety. Given the identified correlation between road surface conditions—especially snowy or slushy pavement—and increased EMS response times, local authorities can implement targeted strategies to mitigate delays in emergency response. It is crucial to assess whether EMS services are adequate during adverse weather conditions. If they are found to be insufficient, appropriate measures should be taken to address the issue. This could include enhancing snow removal operations on high-traffic routes, especially those near hospitals or areas with a higher incidence of crashes or having additional resources ready during adverse weather conditions. Additionally, EMS agencies could adjust their response protocols, incorporating real-time weather data to anticipate and prepare for delays in adverse conditions. Public awareness campaigns could educate drivers on the risks of driving on icy or snowy roads, potentially reducing crash frequency. Overall, the research underscores the need for proactive measures to maintain road safety and ensure timely medical assistance during hazardous weather conditions.