Tolerance Increase in <i>Escherichia coli</i> O157:H7 and Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus Aureus</i> USA300 Exposed to Low-Power Continuous Ultraviolet Radiation from Narrow-Wavelength Sources

Abstract

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a major cause of foodborne disease outbreaks throughout the world, while methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is responsible for many difficult-to-treat infections in humans. Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is commonly used for disinfection in food processing, medical facilities, and water treatment to prevent the transmission of these pathogen. With increased use of UV disinfection technologies over the last few years because of COVID-19 and concerns about other communicable disease, it has become a concern that microbial species could develop tolerance to UV irradiation, especially when it is applied continuously. To elucidate the effect of continuous UV exposure at different wavelengths and power levels on the tolerance development of bacteria, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and MRSA)USA300 growths were investigated by continuously exposing inoculated agar plates to six different commercially available UV sources at wavelengths of 222&nbsp;nm, 254&nbsp;nm, 275&nbsp;nm, and 405&nbsp;nm. The agar plates in these experiments were partially covered by a thin acrylic sheet, which provided either complete protection from the UV to the cells directly under the sheet, no protection if significantly away from the sheet, or partial protection near the edges of the sheet due to shading or small amounts of UV reflection under the sheet at the edges. In these experiments, tolerant cells of E. coli and S. aureus were found from the 222&nbsp;nm, the 405&nbsp;nm, and one of the 254&nbsp;nm sources. Upon examination of the power of each UV source, it was shown that the 275&nbsp;nm and 254&nbsp;nm sources that resulted in no tolerant cells had surface power densities [at 25 cm (10 in.)] that were more than 10–200 times greater than those that had tolerant cells. These results suggests that bacterial cells have a higher chance to develop UV tolerance under lower power UV sources (under the experimental conditions in our laboratory). Genome investigation of the tolerant colonies revealed that there are no significant differences between the cells that developed tolerance and the original organism, hinting at the need to explore the role of epigenetics mechanisms in the development of UV tolerance in these bacteria.