Association Between Resistance to Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow Near the Foramen Magnum and Cough-Associated Headache in Adult Chiari Malformation Type I

Abstract

Cough-associated headaches (CAHs) are thought to be distinctive for Chiari malformation type I (CMI) patients and have been shown to be related to the motion of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) near the foramen magnum (FM). We used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to compute patient-specific resistance to CSF motion in the spinal canal for CMI patients to determine its accuracy in predicting CAH. Fifty-one symptomatic CMI patients with cerebellar tonsillar position (CTP) ≥ 5 mm were included in this study. The patients were divided into two groups based on their symptoms (CAH and non-CAH) by review of the neurosurgical records. CFD was utilized to simulate CSF motion, and the integrated longitudinal impedance (ILI) was calculated for all patients. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was evaluated for its accuracy in predicting CAH. The ILI for CMI patients with CAH (776 dyn/cm5, 288—1444 dyn/cm5; median, interquartile range) was significantly larger compared to non-CAH (285 dyn/cm5, 187–450 dyn/cm5; p = 0.001). The ILI was more accurate in predicting CAH in CMI patients than the CTP when the comparison was made using the area under the ROC curve (AUC) (0.77 and 0.70, for ILI and CTP, respectively). ILI ≥ 750 dyn/cm5 had a sensitivity of 50% and a specificity of 95% in predicting CAH. ILI is a parameter that is used to assess CSF blockage in the spinal canal and can predict patients with and without CAH with greater accuracy than CTP.