| dc.description.abstract | This paper presents the study on the effect of different heating rates on the pyrolysis and gasification process of the chicken manure. The obtained results are shown by the extent of reaction, the kinetics of the reaction, and differential thermal analysis. In total, 24 cases were carried out; eight heating rates with three different gas agents each. The results show that when using nitrogen or carbon dioxide as gas agents, the reactions were endothermic. Consequently, the energy must be supplied in terms of heating to sustain the reaction. Furthermore, the air gasification was exothermic, which means that the reaction can be sustained without external heating, where the self-ignition was observed between 450 °C–600 °C. The thermal degradation of the three main components of the chicken manure was obtained. The pyrolysis process was divided into two regions at 360 °C and the order of reaction of five for both regions. For the gasification process, it was observed that carbon dioxide had the most complicated mechanism with four stages. Finally, it is recommended to use the lowest heating rate to allow a quasi-equilibrium state through slow heating. Consequently, the delay in response or any transient error can be avoided as they are the main reason for measurement errors. These chemical kinetic parameters can be used in the future for the chicken manure simulation using the order of reaction mechanism for solid-state gasification. | |
