Insight into the Chromium-Enriched Industrial Wastewater Irrigation Practice on <i>Lablab purpureus</i>

Abstract

To explore the bioaccumulation of the emerging contaminants in the freshwater bodies and food crops, and the possible implications, this study investigated the chromium-enriched industrial wastewater irrigation on Lablab purpureus with respect to the physical growth, photosynthetic pigments, proline content, and antioxidant defense responses. Chromium enrichment inhibited the elongation of roots and shoots by 68% and 76% respectively, as a function of chromium concentration. The total chlorophyll, chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, and total carotenoids were severely retarded by 81%, 84%, 76%, and 63%, respectively, and excessive accumulation of proline was detected at 2.80&nbsp;μmol/g fresh weight. The activities of ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, and catalase were significantly altered, with a strong stimulation at the chromium concentration of 0.30&nbsp;mM, predicting chromium-induced toxicity of the food crop. The findings provide insight into the interference of heavy metal–contaminated wastewater irrigation practice and its alarming implications for the sustainability of food safety, the dynamic equilibrium of ecosystems, and the water–food nexus.