| dc.description.abstract | adiative fluxes are key drivers of surface?atmosphere heat exchanges in cities. Here the first yearlong (December 2012?November 2013) measurements of the full radiation balance for a dense urban site in Shanghai, China, are presented, collected with a CNR4 net radiometer mounted 80 m above ground. Clear-sky incoming shortwave radiation K? (median daytime maxima) ranges from 575 W m?2 in winter to 875 W m?2 in spring, with cloud cover reducing the daily maxima by about 160 W m?2. The median incoming longwave radiation daytime maxima are 305 and 468 W m?2 in winter and summer, respectively, with increases of 30 and 15 W m?2 for cloudy conditions. The effect of air quality is evident: haze conditions decrease hourly median K? by 11.3%. The midday (1100?1300 LST) clear-sky surface albedo α is 0.128, 0.141, 0.143, and 0.129 for winter, spring, summer, and autumn, respectively. The value of α varies with solar elevation and azimuth angle because of the heterogeneity of the urban surface. In winter, shadows play an important role in decreasing α in the late afternoon. For the site, the bulk α is 0.14. The Net All-Wave Radiation Parameterization Scheme/Surface Urban Energy and Water Balance Scheme (NARP/SUEWS) land surface model reproduces the radiation components at this site well, which is a promising result for applications elsewhere. These observations help to fill the gap of long-term radiation measurements in East Asian and low-latitude cities, quantifying the effects of season, cloud cover, and air quality. | |
