CHARACTERISTICS OF COLD WINTERS AND WARM SUMMERS OVER SCANDINAVIA RELATED TO THE GENERAL CIRCULATION

Abstract

Stockholm's seasonal temperature averages, which are roughly representative of much of Scandinavia, are related to the regional and hemispheric tropospheric circulation. The special forms of the general circulation favoring cold winters and warm summers are investigated, leading to the conclusion that this area is uncommonly sensitive to the general hemispheric circulation. Furthermore, an attempt is made to show that there is some interdependence between the circulations favoring cold winters with the adjacent summer circulations, so that spells of years with increased continentality arise. Further climatological aspects of variations of circulation and continentality are discussed.