Design and Installation of Deep Benchmarks in Expansive Soil

Abstract

Benchmarks are typically regarded as stable points to provide references for elevations. In areas with expansive soils, special techniques are necessary to provide benchmarks that are free from ground movements. To prevent the movement of benchmarks due to heaving of expansive soils, benchmarks must be anchored below the depths where these movements originate. This paper presents a design and installation procedure for three benchmarks installed to depths of approximately 30–