Recent Advances in Bioremediation of Heavy Metals and Metal Complex Dyes: Review

Abstract

A huge amount of effluents contaminated with heavy metals and metal complex dyes are generated every day from various industries. Biological treatment using various microorganisms (bacteria, algae, and fungi) is considered to be a potentially cost-effective and environmental friendly technique for the removal of heavy metals and metal complex dyes from effluents. This review focuses on the recent studies on bioremediation of metals and metal complex dyes conducted in various modes of operation. The types of metals and metal complex dyes, microorganisms, the mechanism of bioremediation suggested through various analytical techniques, and the technical problems associated with the bioremediation processes that need to be considered for the scale-up of the process are discussed.