Finite Element Analysis of Cold Embedments in Fresh Concrete

Abstract

Analytical and finite element analyses are used in parametric studies to determine if ice forms in freshly placed concrete along embedments initially at subfreezing temperatures. The ice thicknesses and time frozen are also investigated. A nomograph that relates the initial bar temperature, bar size, freeze depth, and time frozen is presented. This nomograph is a convenient construction reference. Current codified precautions are evaluated for effectiveness. Possible adverse effects as well as remedies are discussed. The need for follow‐up testing is elaborated on.