| description abstract | Smart infrastructure (SI) leverages advanced smart technologies to enhance its situational awareness, monitoring, early warning, and forecasting capabilities. However, the deep integration and interdependence among cyber, physical, and social dimensions significantly increase system complexity and vulnerability. Developing SI resilience is critical for ensuring intelligent and reliable operations while addressing multifaceted challenges. This necessitates a comprehensive understanding of SI’s emerging characteristics and refined methodologies to unveil SI resilience, complexity, and vulnerability. This study proposes the cyber-physical-social dynamic metanetwork, which models SI by integrating cyber, physical, and social dimensions across three dynamic stages. Comprehensive analytical methods are introduced to evaluate the resilience, complexity, and vulnerability of SI. The findings support the implementation of 4R resilience strategies, emphasizing the application of smart technologies in cyberspace, optimization of physical systems, and the enhancement of social institutions, organizations, and interactions. Additionally, they provide resilience-oriented recommendations to guide the development of SI. | |
