| description abstract | The North American Standard (NAS) and the European Standard (EC3) for cold-formed steel design provide limited guidelines for the strength predictions of built-up columns. The existing design equations are limited to flexural buckling and local-flexural interactive buckling. The present study evaluates the local-flexural interactive design equations for cold-formed steel built-up back-to-back I-section columns against the results of experimental and numerical studies. The results show that the existing design guidelines for local-flexural interactive buckling are unconservative by about 17%, 5%, and 15% for DSM-NAS, EWM-NAS, and EWM-EC3, respectively. Furthermore, a maximum reduction in the built-up column strength by local-flexural interaction is observed when its nominal local and flexural buckling loads are close. Based on the results and observations, new design equations are proposed by including the product of nominal local and flexural buckling loads for the North American and European standards, which capture the local-flexural interactive buckling in built-up I-section columns. The effect of fastener spacing on the ultimate load for local-flexural interactive buckling is also evaluated, and its effect is found to be small, unlike for global buckling. The minimum fastener spacing criteria of NAS are assessed, and suitable recommendations are provided for fixed-end columns. Overall, the present study provides insights into the local-flexural interactive buckling behavior of built-up I-section columns and proposes reliable design equations to predict the ultimate load. | |
