| description abstract | AbstractMixing of environmental air into clouds, or entrainment, has been identified as a major contributor to erroneous climate predictions made by modern comprehensive climate and numerical weather prediction models. Despite receiving extensive attention, the ad hoc treatment of this convective-scale process in global models remains poor. On the other hand, while limited-area high-resolution nonhydrostatic models can directly resolve entrainment, their sensitivity to model resolution, especially with the lack of benchmark mass flux observations, limits their applicability. Here, the dataset from the Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5) campaign focusing on radar retrievals of convective updraft vertical velocities is used with the aid of cloud-resolving model simulations of four deep convective events over the Amazon to provide insights into entrainment. Entrainment and detrainment are diagnosed from the model simulations by applying the mass continuity equation over cloud volumes, in which grid cells are identified by some thresholds of updraft vertical velocity and cloud condensates, and accounting for the sources and sinks of the air mass. Entrainment is then defined as the environmental air intruding into convective cores causing cloud volume to shrink, while detrainment is defined as cloudy grid cells departing the convective core and causing cloud volume to expand. It is found that the diagnosed entrainment from the simulated convective events is strongly correlated to the inverse of the updraft vertical velocities in convective cores, which enables a more robust estimation of the mixing time scale. This highlights the need for improved observational capabilities for sampling updraft velocities across diverse geographic and cloud conditions. Evaluation of a number of assumptions used to represent entrainment in parameterization schemes is also presented, as contrasted against the diagnosed one. | |
