| description abstract | sing special data from the field campaign of 2008 and an ensemble Kalman filter?based vortex initialization method, this study explores the impact of different track clusters categorized under the ensemble simulations of Typhoon Sinlaku (2008) on the associated precipitation. In particular, the distinct pattern of cumulative frequencies in the 28 members is identified to correspond to three types of track clusters. The simulation integrated from the initial ensemble mean slightly underestimates the maximum amount of the observed rainfall in central Taiwan by about 30%. The quantitative evaluation based on the equitable threat score indicates that members with tracks close to the best track produce more consistent rainfall distribution in northern Taiwan although their cumulative frequencies are underestimated. For members with southwestward-biased tracks, although the cumulative frequencies are closer to the observation, the simulated rainfall pattern is less consistent with the observation in northern Taiwan and the maximum rainfall amount is overestimated. The comparison of rainfall simulation during landfall between two representative members shows that the distinct differences in the rainfall amount and distribution are primarily associated with the track differences on the windward side of the mountain. With a finer horizontal grid resolution, the rainfall accumulation becomes greater as a result of the enhancement of updraft from the better-resolved topography, yet the cumulative frequency stays nearly unchanged. Based on ensemble simulations, this study highlights that the uncertainties in rainfall patterns and amounts can be assessed from ensemble track variations, thus providing better insights into the rainfall predictability associated with typhoons near Taiwan. | |
