Evaluation of Noah Frozen Soil Parameterization for Application to a Tibetan Meadow Ecosystem

Abstract

his study evaluates the Noah land surface model (LSM) in its ability to simulate water and heat exchanges over frozen ground in a Tibetan meadow ecosystem. A comprehensive dataset including in situ micrometeorological and soil moisture-temperature profile measurements collected between November and March is utilized, and analyses of the measurements reveal that the measured soil freezing characteristics is better captured by i) modifying the parameter bl implemented in current Noah LSM that constrains the shape parameter of soil water retention curve utilized by the water potential-freezing point depression equation to produce appropriate liquid water content (?liq) under subzero temperature condition, and ii) neglecting the ice effect on soil specific surface and thus matric potential via setting the parameter ck to zero. The numerical experiments performed with the Noah model run show that in comparison to the default Noah LSM, adoption of ck = 0 and site specific bl values reduce the overestimation of ?liq across the soil profile. Implementation of augmentations such as the parameterization of diurnally varying thermal roughness length resolves the overestimation of daytime turbulent heat fluxes and underestimation of surface temperature. Further adoption of a new heat conductivity parameterization reduces the overestimation of nighttime surface temperature. An appropriate treatment of phase change efficiency that accounts for changing freezing rate with varying liquid water contents is also needed to reduce the temperature underestimation across soil profiles.