Freezing of Water Droplets: Nucleation Efficiency at Temperatures above −5C

Abstract

Numerical values obtained in laboratory studies of nucleation effectiveness of pyrotechnically produced smokes are strongly dependent on experimental conditions. Contact nucleation is shown to be relatively important at warm temperatures, when the nuclei are produced in a supercooled cloud of high liquid water content. Thus, pyrotechnics designed to produce nuclei in supercooled clouds should be tested under appropriate conditions.