The Roles of CO2 and Orbital Forcing in Driving Southern Hemispheric Temperature Variations during the Last 21 000 Yr

Abstract

Transient climate model simulations covering the last 21 000 yr reveal that orbitally driven insolation changes in the Southern Hemisphere, combined with a rise in atmospheric pCO2, were sufficient to jump-start the deglacial warming around Antarctica without direct Northern Hemispheric triggers. Analyses of sensitivity experiments forced with only one external forcing component (greenhouse gases, ice-sheet forcing, or orbital forcing) demonstrate that austral spring insolation changes triggered an early retreat of Southern Ocean sea ice starting around 19?18 ka BP. The associated sea ice?albedo feedback and the subsequent increase of atmospheric CO2 concentrations helped to further accelerate the deglacial warming in the Southern Hemisphere. Implications for the interpretation of Southern Hemispheric paleoproxy records are discussed.