| description abstract | An observational study of western North Pacific tropical cyclones (TC) revealed many cases of two TCs whose tracks were altered by processes that were quite different from the mutual advection (Fujiwhara-type) processes. Thus, four conceptual models are proposed to describe these track alterations. A conceptual model called direct interaction is proposed that is a modification of one by Lander and Holland and has three modes: 1) a one-way influence in which the track of a smaller TC that is embedded in the circulation of a larger TC has a cyclonic orbiting motion, but no significant track alteration of the larger TC is apparent; 2) a similar case in which a mutual advection occurs with the tracks of both the smaller and larger TCs being altered; and 3) a subset of 2) in which the mutual advection includes an attraction component such that the two similarly sized TC circulations eventually merge into a larger circulation with a single center. During the 7-yr period (1989?95), the one-way influence, mutual interaction, and merger modes were detected seven, three, and two times. A semidirect interaction conceptual model is proposed in which the two TCs have a relative cyclonic rotation as in the Lander and Holland model, but the TCs are separated by 10°?20° longitude so that a direct (advective-type) interaction is excluded. Rather, the track alteration is attributed to an environmental flow established by the juxtaposition of a TC on one side and a subtropical anticyclone cell on the opposite side. In an east?west orientation of the two TCs and a subtropical anticyclone cell to the east (west), the height gradient between the western (eastern) TC and the eastern (western) subtropical anticyclone establishes a poleward (equatorward) environmental steering flow across the eastern (western) TC. In the 1989?95 sample, a semidirect interaction that altered the tracks of the eastern or the western TC occurred 18 and 14 times, respectively. An indirect interaction conceptual model is proposed in which the distinguishing feature is the Rossby wave dispersion-induced anticyclone to the east and equatorward of the western TC. This anticyclone imposes an equatorward (poleward) steering flow across the eastern (western) TC. Several variations of the indirect interaction are possible depending on the separation distance, sizes of each TC, and their relative orientation. During the 7-yr period, an indirect interaction affecting the western TC or the eastern TC occurred 36 and 22 times, respectively. A fourth conceptual model of track alterations involving two TCs is proposed in conjunction with a reverse-oriented monsoon trough formation. The distinguishing feature of this conceptual model is the combination of the peripheral anticyclones of both TCs as the eastern TC moves into an east?west orientation and has a separation of 10°?20° longitude. In the 1989?95 sample, a reverse-oriented trough formation involving two TCs occurred seven times. The frequency of track alterations whenever two TCs are present emphasizes that forecasters must give special attention to such situations. The four conceptual models proposed here emphasize that the physical mechanisms are complex and in the vast majority of cases cannot be attributed to the mutual advection (Fujiwhara-type) process implied in the Lander and Holland model. | |
