| description abstract | The zonda is a warm and extremely dry wind that occurs east of the Andes Cordillera in the extratropical latitudes of South America. Its orographic origin is similar to the foehn that blows in Germany and Austria and the chinook that occurs east of the Rocky Mountains. Three typical zonda events of different categories (surface and elevated) are described, through observational and Eta?Centro de Previs?o de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos (CPTEC) model output. During the events the temperature rises sharply by 10°?15°C and the dewpoint temperature drops by 15°?20°C in an interval of a few hours. The sustained wind strength at the surface increases to 30 kt, with gusts of more than 40 kt. The episodes generally start around midday and last for about 10 h. The Eta?CPTEC model was able to forecast several aspects of the three analyzed zonda cases, such as wind strength, temperature, and humidity changes, and their starting and ending times. Some relationships between the intensity of the windward static stability and the zonda occurrence were observed. The synoptic pressure configuration resulting from frontal passages associated with depressions that moved over lower-than-normal latitudes preceded the zonda occurrence. Sensitivity experiments showed that, if the Andes were lower, more frequent but less intense zonda episodes could be expected. | |
