Testing Mixed-Phase Cloud Water Vapor Parameterizations with SHEBA/FIRE–ACE Observations

Abstract

The parameterization of in-cloud water vapor pressure below 0°C is examined using in situ aircraft observations from Canadian National Research Council (NRC) Convair-580 flights during the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA)/First International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) Regional Experiment? Arctic Cloud Experiment (FIRE?ACE) campaign. The accuracy of in-cloud water vapor measurements is evaluated against the saturated water vapor pressure in liquid water clouds as derived from measured temperatures, which have a mean bias of about ?1%. This study reveals that the parameterization used in the ECMWF cloud scheme, which employs a temperature-weighted average of the values with respect to ice and liquid water underestimates the saturated water vapor by ?9% when applied to all in-cloud data from the campaign. It is found that a parameterization that relates the weighting to the cloud liquid and ice water contents agrees well with the observations. This study also reveals that it is incorrect to assume that water vapor is in equilibrium with liquid water in mixed-phase clouds.