Abstract: Several idealized models of tropical upwelling are presented in order to clarify the roles of the nonlinear Hadley circulation and extratropical wave driving. In particular, it is shown that the Hadley circulation and ...

Abstract: he 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) data are analyzed to demonstrate that wave forcing at lower latitudes plays a crucial role in driving the tropical upwelling portion of the Brewer?Dobson circulation. It is shown that ...

Abstract: Sensitivity tests of a mechanistic model of the mean meridional circulation driven by specified eddy forcing are conducted to investigate how the morphology of tropical upwelling in the lower stratosphere is related to the ...

Abstract: ecent satellite determinations of global distributions of absolute gravity wave (GW) momentum fluxes in the lower stratosphere show maxima over the summer subtropical continents and little evidence of GW momentum fluxes ...

Abstract: revious versions of GISS climate models have either used formulations of Rayleigh drag to represent unresolved gravity wave interactions with the model-resolved flow or have included a rather complicated treatment of ...

Abstract: or the first time, a formal comparison is made between gravity wave momentum fluxes in models and those derived from observations. Although gravity waves occur over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales, the focus ...