Abstract: This paper proposes an integral hydrobulge forming (IHBF) method using a triangular patch polyhedron as the closed preform shell. When triangular flat parts are welded along the edges in sequence, triangular patch polyhedra ...

Abstract: The buckling characteristics of toroidal shells with closed circular cross sections loaded with a static external pressure were investigated. Eight toroidal shell test models were developed: two ribless, two semicircular ...