Abstract: The temperature dependence of the expansion coefficient of seawater can lead to a nonzero annual-average surface buoyancy flux even if the annual-average heat flux is zero. In the Mediterranean Sea, for example, this effect ...

Abstract: Forcing by wind stress and air?sea buoyancy flux climatologies between σt = 23.5 and 26.5 results in differing water mass transformations in the North Atlantic, reflecting the opposing tendencies of wind stress and air?sea ...