Abstract: We consider the propagation into shallow water of low-frequency and low-order acoustic modes trapped in the sound channel. The phase velocity slightly decreases and then increases with decreasing depth. This leads to an ...

Abstract: Internal waves scatter sound by two related perturbations: 1) those associated with vertical particle displacements ?(x, y, z, t) in the presence of a vertical gradient of (potential) sound speed (δc = ??zcp); and 2) those ...