Abstract: Optimal design and rehabilitation of a water distribution system is a constrained nonlinear optimization problem. A penalty function is often employed to transform a constrained into a nonconstrained optimization problem ...

Abstract: A genetic algorithm has been applied to the optimal design and rehabilitation of a water distribution system. Many of the previous applications have been limited to small water distribution systems, where the computer time ...

Abstract: Soil is composed of particles of various sizes. Once some particles are removed in a physical or chemical process, the particle contacts and soil microstructure will change, leading to irreversible soil deformations and ...