Abstract: Surface defects in the segmental lining of shield tunnels, such as water leakage and damage, pose significant threats to safety. Currently, manual inspection methods are inefficient and inaccurate. Most artificial intelligence ...

Abstract: In this paper, the Edinburgh Elasto-Plastic Adhesion (EEPA) model is used to characterize discrete-element particles. Based on the coupling technology of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-discrete-element method (DEM), ...