Abstract: A novel base force element method (BFEM) with separable interfaces based on the complementary energy principle has been proposed. The linear elastic fracture problem of mode I cracks is solved by this complementary finite ...

Abstract: On a mesoscopic scale, concrete is considered to be a heterogeneous composite material which is composed mainly of cement mortar, aggregate, an interface transition zone (ITZ), and pores. The mesoscopic model of concrete ...