Abstract: Aluminum sulfate alkali-free liquid accelerators are shotcrete admixtures used in the construction of tunnels and culverts. However, the hydration rate of ordinary portland cement (OPC) with aluminum sulfate alkali-free ...

Abstract: Tunneling inevitably induces changes in soil stress and, hence, may adversely affect the surrounding ground and nearby existing tunnels. A model test and a series of numerical analyses were carried out to investigate the ...