Abstract: Spaces for backfills are often constrained and limited to a narrow width when retaining walls must be built close to existing stable walls in urban areas or near rock faces in mountainous areas. Estimation of lateral earth ...

Abstract: A slip-failure surface forms in the backfill soil upon sufficient yielding or movement of the wall that retains the backfill soil. The shape of the slip-failure surface plays an important role in estimating the lateral ...