Abstract: Pressurized fluids may invade into the cement sheath of hydrocarbon wells during hydraulic fracturing and other construction operations in shale gas and oil exploitation. Excessive fluid pressure provides a driving force ...

Abstract: In a hydrocarbon well, cement fills the annular gap between two steel casings or between a steel casing and rock formation, forming a sheath that isolates fluids in different zones of the well. For a well as long as several ...

Abstract: Elastomeric seals are widely used to block fluids of high pressure. When multiple seals are installed in series and the spaces between the seals contain compressible fluids (e.g., gas or gas–liquid mixture), the seals ...

Abstract: Hydrogel-based biomedical applications are under rapid development. These applications usually demand hydrogels to have high toughness and high fatigue threshold. Recently, various fiber-reinforced composite hydrogels have ...