Abstract: This paper analyzes four methods for estimating the spatial degrees of freedom (dof) of a climate field: the ?2 method, the Z method, the S method, and the B method. The results show that the B method provides the most ...

Abstract: Decadal to interdecadal timescale variability in the Pacific region, commonly referred to as the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), is studied in this research using analytical and numerical models. A coupled analytical ...

Abstract: A reduced-gravity shallow-water model, an oceanic general circulation model for the Pacific region, and the analytical model of the equatorial ? plane bounded in the zonal direction are used to investigate the equatorial ...

Abstract: he impact of data assimilation on the transports of eastward-flowing Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) and North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC) in the Pacific Ocean from 145°E to 95°W during 2004?05 and 2009?11 was assessed. ...

Abstract: wo methods to assess ocean tide models, the current method and the total discrepancy method, are compared from the perspective of their relationship to the root-mean-square difference of tidal sea surface height (total ...

Abstract: AbstractAtmospheric circulations influence local and regional weather conditions and, thus, tree growth. To identify summer weather types relevant for tree growth, and their associated synoptic-scale circulation patterns, ...