Abstract: AbstractA unified formulation of the general decomposition of radiance and the radiative transfer equation (RTE) of plane-parallel atmospheres and the general solutions of the generally decomposed RTE system (GD-RTES) are ...

Abstract: AbstractBased on the unified formulation, the so-called hemispherical harmonics method with four components (HSHM4) is derived following the general procedure described in the first paper of this series. The numerical ...

Abstract: The failure of materials with some sort of loading is a well-known natural phenomenon, and the reliable prediction of the failure of materials is the most important issue for many different kinds of engineering materials ...

Abstract: Some errors in the derivation and printing process in the original article were corrected. Although it was found that the errors have not created significant change in the main conclusions, the details were still given as ...

Abstract: A vertically one-dimensional model is developed with cloud fraction constrained by the maximum entropy production (MEP) principle. The model reasonably reproduces the global mean climate with its surface temperature, ...

Abstract: his paper assesses the relative uncertainties from GCMs and from hydrological models in modeling climate change impact on runoff across southeast Australia. Five lumped conceptual daily rainfall?runoff models are used to ...

Abstract: Solar radiation is one of the most important factors affecting climate and the environment. Routine measurements of irradiance are valuable for climate change research because of long time series and areal coverage. In ...