Abstract: By means of constructing equivalent linear problems, Greenfeld (1997) derived closed-form formulas for four- and six-parameter least squares coordinate transformations between two planar systems, so that users can obtain ...

Abstract: Tienstra's formula is proven with a familiar idea, namely, natural coordinates in the finite-element method are the starting points. The proof is completed by an interesting application of modern computing technology—symbolic ...

Abstract: As a continuation of the writers' previous work on establishment of Tienstra's formula via finite-element ideas for an internal observation point, the formula is proven for the case where the observation point lies outside ...

Abstract: Two nonlinear horizontal survey adjustment problems, one for a triangle and the other for a quadrilateral, were analyzed in Smith and Varnes (1987) using traditional methods. This paper demonstrates a new approach to solve ...

Abstract: Estimating curve parameters using observed data is of fundamental importance to surveyors. In 1999 Easa converted the

Abstract: This paper presents the results of a 4-year study (from 2006–2009) using three-dimensional (3D) visualization of structures for teaching in civil engineering. 3D finite-element models have been developed to simulate the ...