Abstract: The energy budget of global thermohaline circulation (THC) is numerically investigated using an ocean general circulation model (OGCM) under a realistic configuration. Earlier studies just discuss a globally integrated ...

Abstract: abbeling effect on the water mass transformation in the Southern Ocean is investigated with the use of an eddy-resolving Southern Ocean model. A significant amount of water is densified by cabbeling: water mass transformation ...

Abstract: The gravitational potential energy (GPE) budget of the global thermohaline circulation is investigated with a non-eddy-resolving model under a realistic configuration. The model incorporates parameterizations for mesoscale ...

Abstract: AbstractAs part of the ongoing development of an ocean data assimilation system for operational ocean monitoring and seasonal prediction, an adjoint sea ice model was developed that incorporates sea ice rheology, which was ...