Abstract: A prognostic scheme for stratiform and convective clouds is developed for large-scale models. The time evolution of clouds is defined through the large-scale budget equations for cloud water content and cloud air (which ...

Abstract: Current climate and forecast models treat clouds as plane-uniform, ignoring subgrid-scale variations of cloud water content in radiative transfer calculations. The plane-uniform assumption is relaxed in a new cloud-radiation ...

Abstract: Observational studies indicate that a mass flux approach may provide a realistic framework for cumulus parameterization in large-scale models, but this approach, through the introduction of a spectral cloud ensemble, leads ...

Abstract: We present the results of a series of forecasts on seven weather situations from February 1976 using two models which differ only in their physical parameterizations. One set of parameterizations was developed at the ...

Abstract: This paper describes the impact on the tropical simulation in the ECMWF model of various changes to the treatment of physical processes, with particular emphasis on the onset of the Asian summer monsoon. A series of 10-day ...